Structured Query Language is a standardized programming language that's used to manage relational databases and perform various operations on the data in them.

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MongoDB is a source-available cross-platform document-oriented database program. Classified as a NoSQL database program, MongoDB uses JSON-like documents with optional schemas. MongoDB is developed by MongoDB Inc. and licensed under the Server Side Public License.

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MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). It is the most popular database system used with PHP. MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation. The data in a MySQL database are stored in tables which consists of columns and rows.

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Structured Query Language (SQL) is the set of statements with which all programs and users access data in an Oracle database. Application programs and Oracle tools often allow users access to the database without using SQL directly, but these applications in turn must use SQL when executing the user's request. 

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This chapter provides background information on SQL as used by most database systems.


This chapter contains these topics:

  • History of SQL

  • SQL Standards

  • Recent Enhancements

  • Lexical Conventions

  • Tools Support


Apache Kafka is an open-source distributed event streaming platform used by thousands of companies for high-performance data pipelines, streaming analytics, data integration, and mission-critical applications.

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